Ginkgo Biloba Research
49 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 9/10
Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Zhou P et al. • PloS one (2024)
The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary.
- The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary.
- Due to the low methodological quality of the included studies, the probability ranking cannot fully explain the clinical efficacy, and the results need to be interpreted with caution.
- More high-quality studies are still needed to verify our findings.
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is safe and effective in the treatment of mild dementia - a meta-analysis of patient subgroups in randomised controlled trials
Riepe M et al. • The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2025)
The meta-analysis demonstrates that patients with mild dementia benefit from EGb 761 in terms of cognition, activities of daily living, global assessment and quality of life.
- The meta-analysis demonstrates that patients with mild dementia benefit from EGb 761 in terms of cognition, activities of daily living, global assessment and quality of life.
- Published in The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2025)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Liu Y et al. • Journal of ethnopharmacology (2024)
GBE preparations may alleviate angina symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the treatment of UAP with favorable safety.
- GBE preparations may alleviate angina symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the treatment of UAP with favorable safety.
- Shuxuening injection may be the most effective among all GBE preparations in improving angina symptoms, while Ginkgo tablets may perform best among oral formulations.
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Effect of long-term pharmacological treatments on Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Deng X et al. • Medicine (2024)
In this network meta-analysis of studies of patients with AD and a follow-up period of at least 1 year, EGb 120 mg demonstrated cognitive benefits, while placebo posed the least harm for AD.
- The network meta-analysis resulted indicated that placebo demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to Atorvastatin-calcium 80 mg (mean different [MD] = -6.93, confidence interval [CI] -11.57, -2.29) and Rivastigmine 12 mg (MD = -3.33, CI -6.56, -0.09).
- In this network meta-analysis of studies of patients with AD and a follow-up period of at least 1 year, EGb 120 mg demonstrated cognitive benefits, while placebo posed the least harm for AD.
- More RCTs are required to address the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of medication.
Efficacy and safety of extract of Ginkgo biloba as an adjunct therapy in chronic schizophrenia: A systematic review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with meta-analysis
Chen X et al. • Psychiatry research (2015)
All rights reserved.
- In addition, the severity of side effects of EGb might be related to its daily dosage.
- Therefore, the safety of EGb therapy in chronic schizophrenia treatment might need more evidence.
- All rights reserved.
Can We Use Ginkgo biloba Extract to Treat Alzheimer's Disease? Lessons from Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Xie L et al. • Cells (2022)
Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data suggest that further large-scale clinical trials may be needed in order to examine the effects of long-term GEB administration on early-stage AD.
- GBE was shown to reduce the escape latencies in several studies, in both rats and mice (I2 > 70%, p < 0.005).
- For the clinical trials, eight trials, including 2100 individuals, were conducted.
- A lack of sample size calculations and the poor quality of the methods are two obvious limitations of the studies.
Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical trials
Mousavi SN et al. • Phytotherapy research : PTR (2022)
Therefore, this medicinal herb might be a possible strategy for inflammation control.© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- In the meta-analysis, the weighted mean differences (WMD) in change for serum CRP were -1.5 mg/L (95% CI: -2.16, -0.85, p < 0.001).
- Moreover, WMD for serum IL-6 and TNF-α were in favor of the GBLE compared to the placebo [(-16.86 pg/mL, 95% CI: -19.38, -14.34, p < 0.001); and (-4.19 pg/mL, 95%CI: -5.14, -3.23, p < 0.001), respectively].
- Subgroup analysis showed that GBLE has a beneficial effect on serum CRP at the baseline levels≥3 mg/L and doses<500 mg/day.
Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus
Sereda M et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2022)
There is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of tinnitus when compared to placebo.
- One study found that there may be little to no difference between the effects of Ginkgo biloba and placebo on health-related quality of life measured with the Glasgow Health Status Inventory at three months (MD -0.58 (scale 0 to 100), 95% CI -4.67 to 3.51; 1 study; 60 participants) (low-certainty).
- Ginkgo biloba may not increase the frequency of other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) at three months compared to placebo (risk ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.60; 4 studies; 1175 participants) (low-certainty).
- There is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of tinnitus when compared to placebo.
Bioactive Compounds Effective Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Egbuna C et al. • Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2021)
John's wort, green beans, cucumber, spinach, tea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, tomatoes, potatoes, oregano, lemon balm, thyme, peppermint, Ocimum basilicum, red cabbage, pears, olive oil and walnut.
- Systematic review examining Ginkgo Biloba efficacy
- Published in Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2021)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia
Soares-Weiser K et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018)
This review has found that the use of valbenazine or extract of Ginkgo biloba may be effective in relieving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
- Studies were primarily of short (three to six6 weeks) duration with small samples size (10 to 157 participants), and most (61%) were published more than 20 years ago.
- Two studies found moderate-quality evidence of a benefit of the intervention compared with placebo: valbenazine (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.86, 1 RCT, n = 92) and extract of Ginkgo biloba (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96, 1 RCT, n = 157), respectively.
- This review has found that the use of valbenazine or extract of Ginkgo biloba may be effective in relieving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
Interventions for vitiligo
Whitton ME et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2015)
This review has found some evidence from individual studies to support existing therapies for vitiligo, but the usefulness of the findings is limited by the different designs and outcome measurements and lack of quality of life measures.
- All of the studies assessed repigmentation, however only five reported on all of our three primary outcomes which were quality of life, > 75% repigmentation and adverse effects.
- This review has found some evidence from individual studies to support existing therapies for vitiligo, but the usefulness of the findings is limited by the different designs and outcome measurements and lack of quality of life measures.
- There is a need for follow-up studies to assess permanence of repigmentation as well as high- quality randomised trials using standardised measures and which also address quality of life.
Ginkgo Biloba for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yang G et al. • Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2016)
Ginkgo biloba is potentially beneficial for the improvement of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and global clinical assessment in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.
- Ginkgo biloba is potentially beneficial for the improvement of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and global clinical assessment in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.
- Published in Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2016)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tan MS et al. • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2015)
EGb761 at 240 mg/day is able to stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change at 22-26 weeks in cognitive impairment and dementia, especially for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms.
- EGb761 at 240 mg/day is able to stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change at 22-26 weeks in cognitive impairment and dementia, especially for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms.
- Published in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2015)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Ginkgo biloba extract for cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Tan MS et al. • Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2015)
Ginkgo biloba was associated with stabilized or slowed cognitive decline in dementia patients, particularly at higher doses.
- Significant improvement in cognitive function in dementia patients
- Higher doses (240mg/day) showed greater efficacy than lower doses
- Neuropsychiatric symptoms also improved with ginkgo supplementation
Ginkgo biloba extract and cognitive function
Laws KR et al. • Human Psychopharmacology (2012)
Ginkgo shows consistent modest benefits for attention and memory.
- Improved attention measures
- Modest memory improvements
- Effects more pronounced with longer use
Efficiency of Different Supplements in Alleviating Symptoms of ADHD with or Without the Use of Stimulants: A Systematic Review
Al Shahab S et al. • Nutrients (2025)
The evidence revealed the potential use of supplements as complementary ADHD treatments under clinical guidance.
- The evidence revealed the potential use of supplements as complementary ADHD treatments under clinical guidance.
- The limited effect of supplements cannot replace the well-documented efficacy of stimulants for ADHD treatment.
- Additional studies are needed to ascertain the most effective dosages and the safety of these supplements as adjunctive treatments for ADHD.
Meta-analysis of Ginkgo biloba Preparation for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Liao Z et al. • Clinical neuropharmacology (2020)
Ginkgo biloba preparation has reliable efficacy of cognitive function and global clinical assessment and safety in the treatment of AD.
- Ginkgo biloba preparation has reliable efficacy of cognitive function and global clinical assessment and safety in the treatment of AD.
- Published in Clinical neuropharmacology (2020)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Warfarin and food, herbal or dietary supplement interactions: A systematic review
Tan CSS et al. • British journal of clinical pharmacology (2021)
While most food, herbs and supplements can be safely taken in moderation, healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of bleeding when taking several food and herbs.
- These reports described potentiation with 45 (57.7%) herbs, food or dietary supplements while 23 (29.5%) reported inhibition and 10 (12.8%) reported limited impact on warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- While most food, herbs and supplements can be safely taken in moderation, healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of bleeding when taking several food and herbs.
- These include Chinese wolfberry, chamomile tea, cannabis, cranberry, chitosan, green tea, Ginkgo biloba, ginger, spinach, St.
Ginkgo biloba for peripheral arterial disease
Nicolaï SP et al. • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2013)
Ginkgo biloba has a small effect on increasing pain-free walking distance.
- Modestly improved walking distance
- Beneficial for peripheral circulation
- Effects are mild compared to exercise
Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review
Lorca C et al. • Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2023)
Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.
- Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory.
- Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions.
- Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions.