Agmatine Research
40 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 7/10
Discovery of Gut Bacteria Specific to Alzheimer's Associated Diseases is a Clue to Understanding Disease Etiology: Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Data on Human Gut Metagenomics and Metabolomics
Paley EL • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2019)
ADAS is attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors of AD associated diseases.
- Biogenic amines (histamine, tryptamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, cadaverine, putrescine, agmatine, spermidine) that present in food and are produced by gut microbiota are significantly higher in C&A (e.g., histamine/histidine 95-fold) versus NNI (histamine/histidine 16-fold).
- The seizure-eliciting tryptamine induced cytoplasmic vacuolization and vesiculation with cell fragmentation.
- Present additions of ADAS-carriers at different ages including infants led to an ADAS-comprising human sample size of 2,830 from 27 studies from four continents (North America, Australia, Asia, Europe).
Exploring the Cardiovascular Impacts of Agmatine: A Systematic Review
Manole OM et al. • Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2025)
The effects exerted by AG depend on the dose and route of administration, as well as on the receptors involved and the pathophysiological pathway used.
- The effects exerted by AG depend on the dose and route of administration, as well as on the receptors involved and the pathophysiological pathway used.
- Published in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2025)
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Modulating autism spectrum disorder pathophysiology using a trace amine-focused approach: targeting the gut
Pretorius L et al. • Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) (2025)
This systematic-review examined the effects of Agmatine.
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects approximately 1% of the population directly, but also a much higher proportion (family and caregivers) indirectly.
- Secondly, we formulate our hypothesis on how this may therapeutically address symptomology, with consideration of cellular and molecular mechanism interplay across the gut-brain axis.
- Finally, we provide a critical assessment of advances in therapeutics development and drug re-purposing, gaps in knowledge and priorities for medicines development going forward.© 2025.
Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets
Kouba BR et al. • Cells (2024)
Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
- Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.
- This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance.
- Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties.
Pharmacological profile of agmatine: An in-depth overview
Rafi H et al. • Neuropeptides (2024)
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- The safety and efficacy of agmatine supplementation, demonstrated through various animal and human studies, affirm its potential as a beneficial therapeutic agent.
- Conclusively, the diverse physiological and therapeutic effects of agmatine, spanning neurotransmission, protection against cellular damage, and modulation of various receptor pathways, position it as a promising candidate for further research and clinical application.
- This review underscores the imperative for continued exploration into agmatine's mechanisms of action and its potential in pharmacology and medicine, promising advances in the treatment of numerous conditions.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd.
Exploring the clinical connections between epilepsy and diabetes mellitus: Promising therapeutic strategies utilizing agmatine and metformin
Nangia A et al. • Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology (2024)
The present review explores the evidences and available data on possible uses of metformin/agmatine as pertinent antidiabetic and antiepileptic agents.
- The present review explores the evidences and available data on possible uses of metformin/agmatine as pertinent antidiabetic and antiepileptic agents.
- Our hope is that this will stimulate further research on the therapeutic actions of these multimodal agents, particularly for subject-specific clinical outcomes.
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Targeting NMDA receptors with an antagonist is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurological disorders
Rafe MR et al. • Behavioural brain research (2024)
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- Given the unique expression of different subunits of the well-organized NMDA receptor system by neurons.
- It could potentially lead to the development of medications specifically targeting certain receptor subtypes.
- For a future researcher, conducting more targeted research and trials is crucial to fully understand and develop highly specific medications with good clinical effects and potential neuroprotective properties.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Role of agmatine in neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy
Moretti M et al. • Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition) (2014)
Moreover, some molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of agmatine will be discussed.
- Agmatine, a cationic polyamine synthesized after decarboxylation of L-arginine by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase, is an endogenous neuromodulator that emerges as a potential agent to manage diverse central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
- The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the effects of agmatine in CNS and point out its potential as new pharmacological treatment for diverse neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Moreover, some molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of agmatine will be discussed.
The pharmacological importance of agmatine in the brain
Uzbay TI • Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews (2012)
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- Interactions between agmatine and other central neurotransmitter systems, such as the glutamatergic and nitrergic systems, are also very important.
- In light of the current literature on agmatine, we can anticipate that the central agmatinergic system may be an important target in development of novel strategies and approaches for understanding the etiopathogenesis of some important central disorders and their pharmacological treatments.
- The main objective of this review is to investigate and update the information on effects of agmatine in CNS and highlight its pharmacological importance in central disorders.Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Vesicular polyamine transporter as a novel player in amine-mediated chemical transmission
Moriyama Y et al. • Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes (2020)
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- SLC18B1 gene knockout decreased polyamine levels by ~20% in the brain, and impaired short- and long-term memory.
- Thus, the SLC18B1 protein is responsible for the vesicular storage and release of polyamines, and functions as a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT).
- VPAT may define when, where, and how polyamine-mediated chemical transmission occurs, providing insights into the more versatile and complex features of amine-mediated chemical transmission than currently considered.Copyright © 2020 The Author(s).
The therapeutic and nutraceutical potential of agmatine, and its enhanced production using Aspergillus oryzae
Akasaka N et al. • Amino acids (2020)
We also briefly discuss agmatine content in foodstuffs, and a simple approach for enhancing agmatine production using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, widely used for the production of various Asian fermented foods.
- An enzymatic activity of arginine decarboxylase which produces agmatine from arginine was low in mammals, suggesting that a large portion of the agmatine is supplemented from diets and gut microbiota.
- We also briefly discuss agmatine content in foodstuffs, and a simple approach for enhancing agmatine production using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, widely used for the production of various Asian fermented foods.
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Catabolism of biogenic amines in Pseudomonas species
Luengo JM et al. • Environmental microbiology (2020)
Knowledge of these pathways has allowed the design and collection of genetically manipulated microbes useful for eliminating BAs from different sources, highlighting the biotechnological applications of these studies.© 2020 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Pseudomonas species can grow in media containing different BAs as carbon and energy sources, a reason why these bacteria are excellent models for studying such catabolic pathways.
- In this review, we analyse most of the routes used by different species of Pseudomonas (P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. entomophila and P. fluorescens) to degrade BAs.
- Analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of a huge number of genes, catabolic enzymes, transport systems and regulators, as well as to understanding of their hierarchy and functional evolution.
The Chemistry and Health Benefits of Dietary Phenolamides
Wang W et al. • Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (2020)
We believe that the studies on phenolamides are still in the infancy stage and additional health benefits of these phenolamides may yet be identified.
- Of the currently known phenolamides, the most common are avenanthramides, which are unique in oats and similar to the well-known drug Tranilast, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, and antiatherogenic activities.
- Herein, to highlight the importance of dietary phenolamides to human health, we review and summarize the four major subgroups of phenolamides, including their chemical structures, dietary sources, and reported health benefits.
- We believe that the studies on phenolamides are still in the infancy stage and additional health benefits of these phenolamides may yet be identified.
Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine
Kotagale NR et al. • Neurotoxicology (2019)
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- However, it will be hasty to assert and promote agmatine as a novel therapeutic agent for neuroprotection.
- The review is focused on the role of agmatine in different types and mechanisms of neural injuries.
- The aspects of concern like dose range, pharmacokinetics of exogenous agmatine, levels of endogenous agmatine during events of injury etc. has to be addressed.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease: Focus on Ion Channels and Receptors
Barua S et al. • Neurochemical research (2019)
In this review, we will focus on the pathophysiological aspects of the neurological disorders regulated by these ion channels and receptors, and their interaction with agmatine in CNS injury.
- The primary amine agmatine, a neuromodulator synthesized in the brain by decarboxylation of L-arginine, can regulate ion channel cascades and receptors that are related to the major CNS disorders.
- In our previous studies, we established that agmatine was related to the regulation of cell differentiation, nitric oxide synthesis, and murine brain endothelial cell migration, relief of chronic pain, cerebral edema, and apoptotic cell death in experimental CNS disorders.
- In this review, we will focus on the pathophysiological aspects of the neurological disorders regulated by these ion channels and receptors, and their interaction with agmatine in CNS injury.
Neuroprotective Role of Agmatine in Neurological Diseases
Xu W et al. • Current neuropharmacology (2018)
The safety and low incidence of adverse effects indicate the vast potential therapeutic value of agmatine in the treatment of neurological diseases.
- The safety and low incidence of adverse effects indicate the vast potential therapeutic value of agmatine in the treatment of neurological diseases.
- However, most of the available studies relate to the agmatine are conducted in experimental models, more clinical trials are needed before the agmatine could be extensively clinically used.
- Further research warranted to confirm findings
Metabolic strategies for the degradation of the neuromodulator agmatine in mammals
Benítez J et al. • Metabolism: clinical and experimental (2018)
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- In rat brain, agmatine, AGM and ALP are predominantly localised in areas associated with roles in appetitive and craving (drug-reinstatement) behaviors.
- Thus, inhibitors of AGM or ALP are promising agents for the treatment of addictions.
- In this review, the properties of DAO, AGM and ALP are discussed with a view to their role in the agmatine metabolism in mammals.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
Physiological importance of polyamines
Lenis YY et al. • Zygote (Cambridge, England) (2017)
In this paper the main concepts on the history, structure and molecular pathways of polyamines as well as their physiological role on angiogenesis, and reproductive physiology are reviewed.
- Intracellular production of polyamines is controlled by antizymes binding to and inactivating ODC1.
- Polyamines exert effects that include stimulation of cell division and proliferation, gene expression for the survival of cells, DNA and protein synthesis, regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell-cell communication activity.
- Accordingly, polyamines are essential for early embryonic development and successful pregnancy outcome in mammals.
Therapeutic potential of agmatine for CNS disorders
Neis VB et al. • Neurochemistry international (2017)
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- Agmatine also stimulates the expression of trophic factors and adult neurogenesis, contributing to its ability to induce endogenous repair mechanisms.
- Therefore, considering its wide range of biological effects, this review summarizes the current knowledge about its protective and regenerative properties in the CNS.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd.
- All rights reserved.
Mitochondrial transporters for ornithine and related amino acids: a review
Monné M et al. • Amino acids (2015)
Ort1p is involved in the biosynthesis of arginine and polyamines in yeast.
- In the liver, human ORC1 catalyzes the citrulline/ornithine exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is required for the urea cycle.
- Human ORC1, ORC2, and SLC25A29 are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and transport of arginine, which can be used as a precursor for the synthesis of NO, agmatine, polyamines, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, and proline, as well as in the degradation of basic amino acids.
- BAC1 and BAC2 are implicated in some processes similar to those of their human counterparts and in nitrogen and amino acid metabolism linked to stress conditions and the development of plants.